EOTO 1: The Invention of DVD's

Digital Versatile Discs, better known as DVDs, are optical storage media used to store a wide range of digital data, including video games, software, and other computer files. 

Although they share the same physical dimensions as CDs, DVDs contain a significantly greater storage capacity. A standard single-layer DVD can hold up to 4.7 GB of data, while a dual-layer DVD's capacity increases then to 8.5 GB. Furthermore, some variants can store as much as 17.08 GB.

A turning point in data storage technology began with the release of the CD Video format in 1987. This early attempt at combining digital audio with analog video on an optical disc was the precurser to the DVD evolution. Later that same year, two competing formats emerged: the Multimedia Compact Disc (MMCD), produced by Philips and Sony, and the Super Density Disc (SD), produced by everyone else—Toshiba, Time Warner, Matsushita Electric, Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric, Pioneer, Thomson, and JVC.

Tensions between the two groups threatened to split the market. However, on May 3, 1995, the five major computer companies, IBM, Apple, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Microsoft, issued a joint press release announcing their support only for a unified standard. They threatened to boycott both competing formats unless a consensus was reached. This pressure ultimately led to the formation of a single standard known as SD9.

Subsequently, Philips and Sony joined forces with the SD disc backers to develop a unified format. In November 1995, Samsung announced plans to begin mass production of the new DVD format. The first DVD titles were released in Japan in 1996, primarily consisting of music video content.

The United States followed shortly after, with Warner Home Video releasing four titles on December 20, 1996. However, the broader U.S. launch of DVDs faced delays and was not established until early 1997. Once introduced, DVDs rapidly gained popularity and began to replace VHS tapes as the preferred format for home movie viewing as it was more compact and generally the more frugal option.

By 2001, consumers prefered DVDs by a long shot. DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time, with one in four American households owning a DVD player. The format's popularity continued through the early 2000s, culminating in widespread adoption.

By 2007, approximately 80% of American households had a DVD player.

The next evolution in optical media arrived in 2006 with the introduction of HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats. HD DVD, with a dual-layer capacity of 30 GB, ultimately lost the format war to Blu-ray, which offered up to 50 GB on a dual-layer disc. By 2009, 85% of retail stores were selling Blu-ray Discs, signaling a major shift in the market.

Despite Blu-ray’s technological superiority, the rise of digital streaming services quickly began to overshadow physical media. With a swift overtaking of the viewing market, a swift dethrone also took place for DVDs. By 2017, streaming had officially surpassed DVD and Blu-ray sales, marking the beginning of a new era in digital entertainment consumption.

The rise and fall of DVDs left an impact on digital media due to their revolutionary home entertainment systems which lead to a boosted electronics consumer market, but also due to their nostalgia to many 15-40something year olds. We as a society are able to glance backwards into our technological history in awe of advancement which we remember, encouraging us on what's to come.

The 8th Value: Protect Dissent

Number 8: Protect Dissent, as coined by Steve Shiffrin, refers to the value of safeguarding the right to disagree with the norm. This emphasizes the individual’s opinion without fear of discipline. 

Many might misquote the First Amendment saying, "I have the freedom to say whatever I want." Which, alright, in Layman's terms, that is correct. Immediately, "Protect Dissent" enters the conversation when the Constitution states, "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech." A person may constitutionally speak whatever they so wish, and the government is not permitted to penalize you.

In addition, each other clause of the First Amendment, "from religion," "of religion;" "press;" "to assemble," "to petition." also are representations of protecting dissent. These six clauses invite conversations that otherwise would not be conducted to happen.

Protecting Dissent directly fosters a healthy democratic nation. Institutional accountability is ensured when pedestrians are encouraged to criticize their government whether their opinion falls under the majority or minority. Furthermore, officials are able to disagree with each other, suppressing opportunities for the tyranny of authoritarianism. 

As cited by the Freedom House's 2024 "Freedom in the World" report, several countries including Mexico and South Africa were plagued by electoral manipulation, in favor of undemocratic governance. This includes high profile assassinations of at least 17 left-leaning party members of 31 total assassinations during the 2023-24 electoral period. These affairs mean state officials would go so far to withold free speech (and all that goes along with it) by taking the lives of democratic candidates. This not only removes political oppoisition from running, but sends a distinct message to supporting party members and citizens.

Should these countries protect the Dissent Mindset, political awareness could flourish, theoretically helping the nation's people. However, that is not always in the cards for their political heads. I digress. 

Valuing dissenting opinions prohibits the creation of echo chambers and propaganda, affecting everyone from national-scale to everyday families. The examples previously mentioned illustrate the national level; however, family levels are illustated by a familial head prohibiting the use of internet or strict friend circles. This is also known as "helecopter parenting."

These echo chambered families may lead to autocratic HOA or PTA's which may infringe on the quality of life for their respective homeowners and students. Ergo, certain oppertunities/ideals may be restricted. This may lead to withholding of information. As examplified by curent events regarding book banning and restrition of diction in schools, the democratic public does not react well.

In light of equality, this does however mean that hate speech must be tolerated. Regardless of constructiveness, accuracy, or etiquette, purely mean speech that may offend is also protected under the same first amendment—with the exception of the intent to incite and true threats.

To have a purely fair and just society, there must be a balance between both. Favorism is not justified by protecting dissent.

To conclude, the 8th value, to protect dissent, is a vital value for citizens which is protected by the first amendment and upheld by many democratic nations.